Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing importance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Thes
Industrial fuel plays a vital role in the modern production landscape. Works rely heavily on various types of fuel to create the energy needed to power machinery, fabricate goods, and support overall operations. From fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas to renewable alternatives such as biomass and solar power, the selection of fuel depends
Carbon dot nanomaterials (CDNs) have emerged as a sought-after class of nanomaterials with a broad spectrum of applications in various fields. These remarkably fluorescent nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties that originate from their inherent structure and surface chemistry. The tunable size, shape, and c
Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, in particular, has emerged as a preferred method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with precise thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, ejecting atoms that then